Stop Stealing Songs essays

Quit Stealing Songs articles Have you imagined that you could get your most loved artist⠁fs tunes, for example, Eric Clapton, Rolling Stones, and Beatles with no installment? The fantasy has worked out as expected: Napster, an online music sharing delicate. It empowers its clients to download music documents through the Internet, which implies that up to one music sweetheart has a PC and association with the Internet, the music darling can get mainstream melodies, old style music, and even national songs of devotion. One CD costs around fifteen dollars, yet Napster doesn't require its clients to pay in light of the fact that the clients are simply obtaining and loaning their music documents with one another. This is much the same as a fantasy. I don't have the foggiest idea how much cash I have spent to tune in to my preferred artists. The fantasy, Napster, has pulled in more than eighty a large number of music fans everywhere throughout the world since it was made in 1999, as per USA Today. Shockingly it has additionally gotten music companies⠁f consideration and Napster was sued. The fight between the music organizations and Napster, which claims to be a savior for music fans who whine about CD costs or simply need melodies free, were probably going to be the lose of Napster and, truth be told, it was. The Supreme Court requested Napster to confine its administration and the impediment of the administration has been performed; nonetheless, this isn't sufficient. Napster ought to totally stop its administration since it is, as a general rule, abusing the copyrights, clients are not paying specialists, and it can ruin the eventual fate of online music and motion pictures conveyance. Napster is positively disregarding the copyrights. A reason that is regularly produced by the music taking clients is that they don't circulate music records that they have, yet they simply get and loan the documents among the clients, so they are not damaging the copyrights. Despite the fact that individual music exchanging, which has been every now and again done among music customers since the development of tapes and CD fs, may not insult illegal and, accordingly, the clients may not be violat... <!

Division of Labor Essay -- essays research papers

Marx's View of the Division of Labor The Division of Labor is a subject which has intrigued social researchers for centuries. Prior to the approach of present day times, rationalists and scholars fretted about the ramifications of the thought. Plato saw as a definitive type of society a network where social capacities would be inflexibly isolated and kept up; society would be partitioned into clear practical gatherings: warriors, craftsmans, untalented workers, rulers. St. Paul, in his first letter to the congregation at Corinth, ventured to such an extreme as to depict the widespread Church regarding a body: there are hands, feet, eyes, and all are under the head, Christ. Any individual who means to manage the investigation of society must think about the topic of the division of work. Karl Marx was no special case. Marx was in excess of a simple market analyst. He was a social researcher in the full significance of the expression. The core of his framework depended on the possibility of human creation. Humankind, Marx affirmed, is an absolutely self-governing animal types - being, and as such man is the sole maker of the world where he gets himself. A man can't be characterized separated from his work: &quot;As people express their life, so they are. What they are, hence, corresponds with their creation, both with what they produce and with how they produce.&quot;1 The very actuality that man soundly sorts out creation is the thing that recognizes him from the set of all animals, as per Marx. The idea of creation was a sort of scholarly &quot;Archimedean point&quot; for Marx. Each circle of human life must be deciphered as far as this single thought: &quot;Religion, family, state, law, science, workmanship, and so forth., are just specific methods of creation, and fall under its general law.&quot;2 Given this complete dependence on the idea of human work, it is very reasonable why the division of work assumed such a significant job in the general Marxian system. Property versus Work Marx had a dream of an ideal human culture. In this sense, Martin Buber was completely right in remembering a part for Marx in his Paths in Utopia. Marx had faith in the presence of a general public which went before recorded mankind's history. In this world, men encountered no feeling of estrangement on the grounds that there was no distanced creation. By one way or another (and here Marx was rarely exceptionally clear) men fell into examples of distanced creation, and fr... ...of Revolution (Nutley, New Jersey: Craig Press, 1968), p. 112. 7 German Ideology, pp. 44-45. 8 Critique of the Gotha Program (1875), in Marx-Engels Selected Works, II, p. 24. This is one of only a handful barely any spots in which Marx introduced some image of the post-Revolutionary world. 9 Ibid. 10 Ludwig Yon Mises, Socialism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, [1922] 1951), p. 164. 11 Maurice Cornforth, Marxism and the Linguistic Philosophy (New York: International Publishers, 1965), p. 327. 12 German Ideology, p. 84. 13 Murray N. Rothbard, &quot;Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty,&quot; Left and Right, 1 (1965), p. 8. 14 &quot;On the Jewish Question,&quot; (1843-44), in T. B. Bottomore, Karl Marx: Early Writings (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), pp. 34-40. 15 G. D. H. Cole, The Meaning of Marxism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1948] 1964), p. 249. 16 Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed (1936), cited by F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (University of Chicago Press, 1944), p. 119. 17 Mises, Socialism, pp. 60-62. Republished with consent from The Freeman, a distribution of The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc., January 1969, Vol. 19, No. 1.

Applying for Summer Internships

Applying for Summer Internships The first two weeks of last summer were rough. I found myself sitting on my couch all day, binge-watching show after show. Although I had just finished a busy first year of college, I still felt like I needed something to do. After a short while, the monotony of staying at home became unbearable, and I decided to get a job. I reached out to a professor at a local university, and worked a summer internship for the next three months. The internship was phenomenal. I learned a lot about a specific research field, developed several useful skills, and had something nice to put on my resume. I decided then that I wanted to have a similar experience this summerâ€"what better way to spend a long three months? Ive spent the past semester and winter break gathering the necessary materials for an internship and filling out applications. Although the process of doing so was tiring, I feel like Ive learned a lot and have a lot of useful tips to share. If you plan on interning somewhere in college, hopefully this post helps! Take challenging and relevant courses. College is time-consuming, but there may be semesters where you have a couple of credit hours to spare. Take full advantage of these opportunities and enroll in courses that will make you a more competitive applicant. Doing this will help you in two ways. First, pushing yourself shows employers that youre willing to go above the bare minimum. Excelling in difficult classes demonstrates that you have a great work ethic and are capable of handling challenging situations. Secondly, you might pick up a couple of useful skills. My freshman year, I took a programming course and ended up applying a lot of the things I learned in the classroom to my summer internship. Get to know your professors! Most internships will ask for letters of recommendationâ€"get them from your professors! If youre active and involved during class, your instructor is a great person to ask for a recommendation letterâ€"they know you best and can account for your academic achievements. However, dont restrict yourself to asking your professors. There are plenty of other people who can write a strong letter in support of your applications. For example, I asked my research adviser from last summerâ€"employers can make great references too, depending on the kind of internship you are applying for. Have a clear vision of why you want to work. Having the right motivation to work is extremely important. Filling up blank space on a resume is not a good reason to be an intern. When youre completing your application forms, ask yourself the following questions: why do I want this internship in particular? What skills can I gain from this experience? How will this opportunity impact my future? To me, internships are one of the most valuable learning experiences a student can get during their college career. They teach you skills that you might not learn in a classroom and force you to apply your knowledge to real-life scenarios. Even a negative experience is beneficialâ€"internships are a great way to find out if a certain career path is really for you. I hope this post was helpful, and good luck on your future applications! Franklin Class of 2022 I grew up in Hong Kong, China, and I’ve come across the world to Illinois to major in Astronomy in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’ve always thought outer space is super cool, and I love that I’m learning everything that I can about it at Illinois.

The Reality Of Planned Parenthood And Abortion - 935 Words

The Reality of Planned Parenthood and Abortion The truth is simple: We need Planned Parenthood in order to provide affordable and safe healthcare for people in the United States. Planned Parenthood had estimated that in 2013 and 2014 alone, its associates provided 865,721 Pap tests and breast exams, conducted 704,079 tests for HIV, and provided 1,440,495 emergency contraception kits. Yes, Planned Parenthood provides access to safe and legal abortion procedures, but they only account for three percent of the services the organization offers out of over five million Americans it serves. The effort of defunding Planned Parenthood due to their abortion services is absurd because those services are paid for out-of-pocket by the individual, and it takes away the many other essential services the organization has to offer. There is an inescapable myth that Planned Parenthood just does abortions. Planned Parenthood provides numerous services besides abortion, including and related to: adopt ion, birth control, body image, general healthcare, men’s sexual health, morning after pill, pregnancy, relationships, sex and sexuality, sexual orientation and gender, STD’s, women’s health, and more. Why defund an organization that gives such valuable, essential services, especially if the government does not fund abortions? They play a huge part in identifying and providing treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, help women who are pregnant and want to carry their babies to term andShow MoreRelatedA Social Problem That Is Currently Occurring Is Rather1748 Words   |  7 Pagesrather federal funding should continue to keep Planned Parenthood open. Donald Trump has recently joined other Republicans in their vow to end federal funding for Planned Parenthood, solely based on the idea that Planned Parenthood health care services provide for patients to receive an abortion. The percentage of abortions that Planned Parenthood actually does are less than 3% (Pl anned Parenthood Statistics). Taking funds away from Planned Parenthood creates a problem not only in America but internationallyRead MoreEugenics and Planned Parenthood Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pages When one contemplates the concept of eugenics, few think of modern contraception and abortion when in reality they are one in the same. The American Eugenics Society, founded in 1923, proudly proclaimed that men with incurable â€Å"conditions† should be sterilized. However these conditions were often none that could be helped, such as, one’s intelligence, race, and social class (Schweikart and Allen 529-532). The purpose of the society was to create the perfect class of men; elite in allRead MoreThe First Birth Control Pill1141 Words   |  5 Pageshelp of Planned Parenthood, the first birth control pill is developed by Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and M.C. Chang. However, in 1956 the pill underwent the first human trial. The side effects were less than sat isfactory, leading to the development of the first FDA approved oral contraceptive in 1960. By 1965, through the approval for married couples, by the U.S. Supreme Court, to use birth control, one in four women under the age of 45 had used the pill. In 1967 New York State legalized abortion, makingRead MoreAbortion And Abortion1002 Words   |  5 PagesEven though religion has been used to make abortion an issue of morality, which fundamentally it is, we have to keep in mind how central the topic of abortion has been to the political atmosphere throughout the United States and more so, in Capitol Hill. The Republican’s counterpart, Democrats have accepted importance abortion has across party lines, as highlighted by Politico : â€Å"the politics of abortion are already vexing vulnerable senators from both parties on the 2018 ballot† (Schor 2017). MoreRead MorePropaganda Is A Form Of Communication1345 Words   |  6 Pagesmost controversial programs on air to date, has pushed some of its viewer’s buttons during its winter finale. During its winter finale, which aired on November 19th, 2015, the producers decided to focus on abortion politics. The entire episode was basically a free publicity for Planned Parenthood (PP), which at the time was fighting with Congress over funding. The audience witnessed the former First Lady and current Senator of Virginia, Mellie Grant, perform a filibuster. A filibuster is â€Å"a delayingRead MorePlanned Parenthood : A Funded Program1712 Words   |  7 PagesPlanned Parenthood Federation of America has been a governmentally funded program in the United States of America since 1970 despite countless efforts nationwide to defund the organization. Founded by Martha Sanger and Ethel Byrne, Planned Parenthood (PPFA) is a nonprofit organization which provides reproductive health services in Africa as well as North, Central and South America. Over 650 clinics across the nation provide a collective four million medical visits annually.10 PPFA, one of the largestRead MoreGovernment Funding Of Planned Parenthood Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesAlexis McCarty Ms. Fehr Essay 3 4 April 2016 Government Funding of Planned Parenthood Planned Parenthood is an organization that provides healthcare and education to both men and women, having over 650 health centers that provide healthcare to countless communities around the world. Shockingly, 78% of those who use Planned Parenthoods services live at or below 150% of the federal poverty line, showing how important this organization is to low-income families (Topulos, Greene, Drazen). Their missionRead MoreAnalysis Of Marilyn Fryes Theory Of Oppression1689 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar services provided are services which really are needed by people who are for one reason or another incapacitated – unwell, burdened with parcels, etc. So the message is that women are incapable. The detachment of the acts from the concrete realities of what women need and do not need is a vehicle for the message that women’s actual needs and interests are unimportant or irrelevant† (13). What Frye seems to be claiming is that when a man goes out of his way to perform such a simple task, he takesRead More Teens, Sex, and Virginity - Teenagers and the Importance of Abstinence1213 Words   |  5 Pageslikely to contract sexually transmitted diseases, and they will be safe from unwanted pregnancies that could lead to abortions. Three million people under the age of 20 in the United States become infected with a sexually transmitted disease each year. With 66 percent of high school students having had intercourse by graduation, these numbers are not surprising (Planned Parenthood-Helping Young). The effects of sexually transmitted diseases can be devastating. Once a person contracts herpesRead MorePro Life Or Pro Choice1524 Words   |  7 PagesPro-Life or Pro-choice is the highly debatable question that is discussed when the topic of abortion is brought up. Abortion is one of many controversial topics in America. Abortion is the early termination of a pregnancy. Merriam Webster’s dictionary defines abortion as; â€Å"the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: as a: spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation b: induced expulsion

All Quiet On The Western Front - 1446 Words

All Quiet on the Western Front: The Innocence of Youth In All Quiet on the Western Front, the main character is a nineteen year-old, who tells his perspective of the war. Throughout the story, he talks about his recent class-mates and how they enlist in the war with him, and how he and his friends experience the war. In the story, it talks about the innocence that is taken away from the soldiers like Paul and his friends. The story is set in Germany during the First World War. Numerous events took place during this bloody war including the deaths of millions and the youth taken away from the young men that enlisted in the war. In this war, Paul, along with his friends, experience these things during the war: their innocence that was taken†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Kantorek had been our schoolmaster, a stern little man in a grey tail-coat, with a fact like a shrew mouse.† (10) Paul’s old schoolmaster was a depiction of his recent youth and is one of the last re al â€Å"youth-ism† that he will possess throughout the rest of his life. The quote is important to point out because the author (or in this case Paul) wants to address his teacher from his youth, and what’s left of it. Now because of the war, his youth is gone. â€Å"We had no definite plans for our futures. Our thoughts of a career and occupation were as yet too unpractical a character to furnish any scheme of life.† (21) At this point, Paul is so confident that his youth is taken away from him he begins to think about his future in the war. Since Paul and his friends lost their youth during the war, even their futures’ were taken away from them in a way, not knowing how to maintain life after the war or even if they get out of the war. Over all, Paul in the story talked about his youth being taken away from him and how his generation will be stripped from their youth. Every soldier’s youth was taken from them, whether or not they even survived t he war; the soldier’s also experienced the un-awareness of the consent in the war. The young men that enlisted in the war were not blamed for the war, but yet they have no say in the war so they are fighting by orders and not themselves. â€Å"A man with a small pointed

A Synopis of The Tell-Tale Heart Free Essays

Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† takes place in the protagonist’s house. It is told through a first-person narration given by the protagonist. It is unclear where the protagonist is or who the person being spoken to at the beginning of the story is. We will write a custom essay sample on A Synopis of The Tell-Tale Heart or any similar topic only for you Order Now The protagonist’s sex isn’t specified but for ease of discussion â€Å"he† will be used to refer to the same. There were only two occupants of the house wherein the story unfolds: the protagonist and an old man. The relationship between them is not clearly established but it is clear that the protagonist is irked by the old man. The latter’s most distinctive characteristic is his blue vulture-like eye.   There are few other characters introduced in the story: a neighbor who calls the police complaining of noises from within the house and policemen who investigate the said complaint. The story is moved by the protagonist’s obsessive desire to murder the old man because of his frustration with the old man’s eye. He attempts to commit the deed several times but is disappointed. On the eighth attempt he enters the old man’s room again and this time the   latter awakens and sits up. The light from the protagonist’s lamp hits the blue eye. He imagines that he hears the old man’s heart beating louder and smothers the old man to death. He chops the body to pieces and buries the pieces under the floorboards to hide his crime. However, when the policemen come to investigate the scream heard by the neighbor he imagines that he still hears the beating heart from underneath the floorboards. Fearing that the policemen hear the beating as well, he confesses to his crime and begs them to unfasten the boards and dig up the body. Works Cited Poe, Edgar Allan. The Complete Illustrated Stories and Poems. UK: Bounty Books, 1994. How to cite A Synopis of The Tell-Tale Heart, Papers

A Synopis of The Tell-Tale Heart Free Essays

Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† takes place in the protagonist’s house. It is told through a first-person narration given by the protagonist. It is unclear where the protagonist is or who the person being spoken to at the beginning of the story is. We will write a custom essay sample on A Synopis of The Tell-Tale Heart or any similar topic only for you Order Now The protagonist’s sex isn’t specified but for ease of discussion â€Å"he† will be used to refer to the same. There were only two occupants of the house wherein the story unfolds: the protagonist and an old man. The relationship between them is not clearly established but it is clear that the protagonist is irked by the old man. The latter’s most distinctive characteristic is his blue vulture-like eye.   There are few other characters introduced in the story: a neighbor who calls the police complaining of noises from within the house and policemen who investigate the said complaint. The story is moved by the protagonist’s obsessive desire to murder the old man because of his frustration with the old man’s eye. He attempts to commit the deed several times but is disappointed. On the eighth attempt he enters the old man’s room again and this time the   latter awakens and sits up. The light from the protagonist’s lamp hits the blue eye. He imagines that he hears the old man’s heart beating louder and smothers the old man to death. He chops the body to pieces and buries the pieces under the floorboards to hide his crime. However, when the policemen come to investigate the scream heard by the neighbor he imagines that he still hears the beating heart from underneath the floorboards. Fearing that the policemen hear the beating as well, he confesses to his crime and begs them to unfasten the boards and dig up the body. Works Cited Poe, Edgar Allan. The Complete Illustrated Stories and Poems. UK: Bounty Books, 1994. How to cite A Synopis of The Tell-Tale Heart, Papers

Russia’s Nuclear Weapons Policies, Arsenal and Problems Essay Example

Russia’s Nuclear Weapons Policies, Arsenal and Problems Essay The end of the Cold War signaled conclusion of the nuclear rivalry between the then two superpowers, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. This was a propitious event for global security. Many predicted this to be the end of history. While there was relative peace for a decade or so, there has been unending debate over recession of the threat of nuclear war. While commonly the United States and the Western Allies have been regarded as more responsible possessors of nuclear weapons, unfolding of Russian nuclear doctrine and policy provides greater confidence in exercise of responsibility by Moscow. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the successor state the Russian Federation with little choice but to follow Soviet-era policy in relation to nuclear weapons, but thought was given to revising strategies to meet the new and emerging threats. Basically this meant pursuing deterrence strategy as a means of maintaining international order. This is important for both i nternal and external policy of the Russian Federation. Nuclear weapons give Russia the status it needs to be called a great power and for the Government of the day a sense of keeping a national security asset as an important goal post. A detailed analysis of Russian nuclear policy in the light of past experience, change of leadership in Russia post Cold War, current and possible future policy directions is thus essential.History of Nuclear Weapons PolicyAt the end of the Second World War, the US was the only nation in the world possessing nuclear weapons and they thought it could offset the superiority Soviet forces had in Europe. The US also thought the atomic bomb could be used as a political pressure point against Joseph Stalin to gain concessions in negotiations in the aftermath of the Second World War. But in August 1949 the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb, thus bringing to fore the philosophy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). This was the main theory underlying the two superpowers quest to develop new nuclear weapons and delivery systems during the cold war. While the Soviet Union had the bomb it did not have the capability like the US to deliver these weapons to the chosen target. First aircraft and then intercontinental ballistic missiles became the chosen systems of delivery of nuclear weapons.Given the state of relations between the US and the USSR at the end of the war, it was natural that latter decided to develop nuclear weapons and delivery systems to match that of the US. Of course, the Soviets lagged behind in technology and therefore could never really catch up. But for them the employment of nuclear weapons was for deterrence purposes. And this meant keeping forces ready for massive retaliation, should the US or its allies launch a first strike on Soviet soil.Cold War DimensionsDuring the Cold War the main aim of possessing nuclear weapons was to deter a nuclear or massive conventional attack from the enemy from the other end of th e East-West divide. Throughout the Cold War, the main aim of the US was to contain the spread of communism. This was done at various levels military, political, economic and ideological. When Stalin died in 1953, there appeared to be a chance that a cooling down of tempers would take place, but tensions increased again when Nikita Krushchev was removed from power. Through the Cold War, the US assumed that it had nuclear superiority. But this failed to prevent the Soviet Union from indulging in nuclear brinkmanship during the Berlin crisis in 1961 and in Cuba in 1962.In 1962 when the Cuban Missile Crisis erupted, both the US and USSR came to realize for the first time what dangers pre-emption could lead to. The Soviet Union had installed medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, following which the US President John F. Kennedy imposed a naval blockade. After a period of tension, the Soviets backed down and removed the missiles. What this cold war experience brought home to both the supe rpowers was the risks involved in playing one-upmanship with nuclear weapons.The collapse of the USSR in 1991 ended the Cold War. This reduced tensions between the two superpowers. But both countries still had a large nuclear arsenal in their possession. Additionally, with the end of the Cold War, the US became more concerned with the development of nuclear weapons by nations other than the former Soviet Union.Post-Cold War SituationAs a result of the political and financial fall out of the collapse of the USSR, the armed forces and in particular the nuclear forces in the Russian Federation suffered greatly.   The armed forces were downsized three times their original size in the 1990s. So was Russia’s nuclear arsenal. This was because Moscow just did not have the resources to maintain a nuclear force of ten thousand warheads and about twenty thousand tactical nuclear weapons. There was another issue of concern; this was the risk of continuing to stockpiling nuclear artille ry projectiles which were likely to prove dangerous to maintain and prove to be hazardous to Russias own troops, if accidental detonations occurred.The phased reductions in the Soviet nuclear arsenal in the early 1990s also coincided with the withdrawal of nuclear weapons from the former Soviet Republics to the territory of the Russian Federation. This process was accelerated by the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in July 1991 and nuclear weapons from Central and Eastern Europe were moved to Russia.Changes in policies from Yeltsin to PutinThere is no doubt that despite the collapse of the USSR as a superpower, the Russian Federation still holds nuclear weapons in high esteem. In fact, nuclear weapons are still a major politico-psychological symbol of great power status for Russia. That is why it is often seen that Russian leaders repeatedly remind the international community, and in particular the US, that Russia is still a nuclear power. This gives both a feeling of Russia’s str ategic independence from the US and the domestic leadership is assured of a sense of importance in being able to have control over the nuclear button.The first post-1991 change in nuclear policy was introduced in the doctrine of 1993, which allowed the â€Å"first use† of nuclear weapons by Russia. Till then, official policy, allowed the use of nuclear weapons only in response to a nuclear attack.As a result of the post-collapse phase the Russian government adopted a series of measures in relation to nuclear weapons, including reductions in the size of strategic nuclear forces. But the basic premise that the sole purpose of possessing nuclear weapons was to deter a large-scale attack did not change. President Boris Yeltsin signed two major policy documents, one in 1997 and the second in 1998, both of which provided for drastic cuts in the nuclear arsenal. This aimed at getting rid of nuclear tipped missiles’ as their planned service life expired and modernization progr ams were curtailed to suit the reductions in the armed forces. But the theoretical debate within the Russian military, about the enlargement of NATO had consequences as it once again brought back to centre stage the role of nuclear weapons and created the ground for demonstrations of usage of nuclear weapons in a much broader range of threat scenarios.Two important documents provide analysts with the framework to understand the global implications of Russia’s nuclear weapons doctrine. The first one is the one titled, â€Å"Main Provisions of the Military Doctrine†, which Boris Yeltsin approved in November 1993. Then in 2000, Vladimir Putin approved another Military Doctrine.In the Yeltsin document the role of nuclear weapons was defined as â€Å"the removal of the danger of a nuclear war by means of deterring [other states] from unleashing an aggression against the Russian Federation and its allies† But keeping in mind the changes that had occurred in the post C old War war fighting scenarios, the doctrine, warned that even a limited war could become a global war. It also noted that even the limited use of nuclear weapons, say the use of tactical nuclear weapons, risked the outbreak of an all-out, nuclear war. The 1993 document did not spell out the right of â€Å"first use.† In fact there was no mention at all of the Cold War theory of ‘No-First-Use’ (Fedorov, 2002).The military doctrine of 2000 took the position that nuclear weapons were to be used for deterrence and not for aggression. The right to use nuclear weapons was reserved for retaliation against both conventional as well as nuclear aggression. Several things can be adduced from the 2000 document. (Fedorov, 2002). First, it has a clear geo-political message, implying a broader political role for Russia’s nuclear weapons. Second, Russia spelled out its willingness to use nuclear weapons first in response to a conventional attack.Additionally, like in the case of the US, Russia expressed a willingness to use nuclear weapons in response to the use of other Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).   What the Putin document sought to really do was to broaden the conflict spectrum in which nuclear weapons could be used. Armed conflict, intra-state or inter-state; local or limited wars; regional conflicts; and global wars – all these are situations in which the use of nuclear weapons is envisaged.Nuclear weapons are associated with the last two postulates, but the threat of using them in the Russian context is also supposed to be prevalent to ensure that one type of war does not escalate to another. President Boris Yeltsin for example, explicitly referred to nuclear weapons during an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) summit in late 1999, to suggest that external forces should not get involved in the second war in Chechnya.Current and Future ProspectsThe 2003 â€Å"White Paper† of the Russian Federation postulates two missions for nuclear weapons: deterrence of an attack against Russia and de-escalation of a conflict in case deterrence fails. In contrast to the earlier document, the new guidance elaborates on these missions in considerable detail. (Sokov, 2004)Given the experience of the Cold War, and post-1991 situation, the Russian Federation’s attitude towards the US, remains highly emotive. There are also complex interplays of geo-politics and domestic considerations, which govern Russian nuclear weapons policy in its relations with the US. The 2003 White Paper calls for a partnership with the US a â€Å"part of the solution† to the security problems afflicting the world. But at the same time it is argued that Russia (read its nuclear forces) are the only thing preventing the final destruction of international order as it currently stands. In fact the White Paper states that only the Russian armed forces can ensure global stability. (Sokov, 2004)What emerges from a study of the 2003 White Paper is that Russia wants to ensure that no force pressure and aggression is attempted against it or its allies. And, in case aggression of some sort does takes place, the new doctrine guarantees the defense of sovereignty, territorial integrity and other vital national interests of Russia. The 2003 White Paper gives an indication of how Russia will react to shifts in US nuclear weapons policy. It was projected by the White Paper that by 2007-2008, Russian Strategic Forces would consist of ten missile divisions. The 2003 document and subsequent remarks by Russian leaders provide an indication that Russia intends to keep its options open in preparing plans for the future of its nuclear triad.Another issue which will shape Russian nuclear policy in the years ahead is the ballistic missile shield planned by the United States in the close proximity of Russia in Czech Republic and other areas. The contours of this are not yet very clear, hence these cannot be c overed herein. However the debate has to be followed to enable understanding nuances of change that may ensue in Russian nuclear doctrine.ConclusionThe core of Russian nuclear weapons policy, i.e., nuclear deterrence, remains very much in place. It also determines the nature and state of Russia’s relations with the US, giving Moscow a measure of self-confidence. Nuclear weapons also remain underlying element of relations with China. Clearly, given past experience it is clear that Russia will determine the future shape of its nuclear policy depending on the developments that the US makes in developing more â€Å"usable† nuclear weapons. At the end of 2005, Russia still had around 7,200 active nuclear warheads and an estimated 8,800 inactive nuclear warheads. The state of the strategic forces that maintain these and are responsible for their delivery in case of a conflict is open to question. Additionally, issues of safety and security of these weapons, the nuclear weapo ns facilities and delivery systems continue to dog Russia. Still the very presence of these numbers of weapons on Russian soil sends a signal across the world.While international terrorism and non-proliferation are viewed as being important threats to Russia’s national security, the military in the Russian Federation still views US military capability as a threat and plans for it. This indicates a continuing vulnerability within the Russian establishment about its own capabilities. And that is why nuclear weapons are still on top the security agenda. In the second nuclear age, new uncertainties are emerging which will challenge the ingenuity of the Russian state as it attempts to handle the nuclear genie in all its manifestations.;

J.D. Salinger essays

J.D. Salinger essays Jerome David Salinger was born at NY Nursery and Childs Hospital in 1919. His fathers name was Sol and his mothers name was Miriam. He also has an older sister whose name is Doris. His father was Jewish and his mother was Irish Catholic. Being half Jewish was a conflict for J.D. J.D. had a very distant relationship with his father, who worked for a meat and cheese business. He was sent to Poland as a child to see that end of the meat business. He was so disgusted by the slaughterhouses that he decided to take a different career path, rather than inherit the family business like his father wanted him to do. This also led to him becoming a vegetarian. Another reason he and his father had a bad relationship was because his father was Jewish and J.D. didnt want to be classified as a Jew because people were openly racist against Jews in the 30s and 40s. He and his fathers relationship got so bad that he didnt bother attending his funeral. J.D. grew up in Manhattan. He attended Valley Forge Military Academy, which is in Pennsylvania. He got sent to military school for flunking out of two private schools. His mother took him to the entrance interview and he was accepted two days later. He was the manager of the fencing team. He succeeded in military school and enjoyed it. His enjoyment of military school soon ended when World War II began. In World War II, J.D. would see on average 50 of his fellow soldiers die in a day. He said sometimes he would see as many as 200 of them die. For the first couple weeks of the war, 75% of the soldiers in his unit died, and that percentage eventually grew to 125%. After graduating from the military academy, Salinger went to NYU briefly. He later left because he did not apply himself. He then went to Ursinus College. He said he enjoyed it because it wasnt an Ivy League school. His friends say that he was a loner and ...

The Vietnam War Essay

The Vietnam War Essay The Vietnam War Essay 1. The French were involved in a war of Indochina prior to the American involvement. Trace the causes of this conflict and describe the key events and general course of the French Indochina War. Traditionally, the First Indochina war started in the French Indochina in 1946 and ended in 1954. The war was a fighting or conflict between forces from France and their Viet Minh opponents. Numerous factors were involved in the conflict including the French Far East Expeditionary Corps from the French Union led by France. The Vietnamese national army supported the French against the Viet Minh whose leaders were Vo Nguyen Giap and Ho Chi Minh. The large part of this conflict occurred in the northern region of Vietnam called Tonkin, although the fighting engulfed the rest of the nation, spreading to the protectorates of the French Indochina in Cambodia and Laos (Young, 1991). After the French reoccupation in Indochina after the Second World War, the region being in control of the Japanese, the Viet Minh started a protest or rebellion against the French authority that was in control of a number of French colonies in Indochina. The few initial years of the conflict involved rural uprising that was increasingly low key against the French. Nevertheless, after the communists from China arrived in the Vietnamese northern border in 1949, the fighting took another turn and became a conventional war between two forces that were armed with modern weapons (Jian, 1993). The forces of the French Union included several forces from the rest of the former empire including Tunisia, Algeria, Laotian, Moroccan, Vietnamese, and Cambodian ethnic minorities. While the plan of pushing the troops of Viet Minh into launching a war on the excellently defended base was validated, the lack of materials for construction, air cover, and tanks prevented an effective defense, leading to a decisive defeat of the French forces. The Geneva conference made a provisional decision to divide Vietnam into two regions, the north, and south. The northern region was the Vietnam democratic republic under Ho Chi Minh, and the south was the Vietnam state under Bao Dai (Jian, 1993). 2. Explain how the American involvement in Vietnam was a consequence of the Cold War, including how the Truman Doctrine was related to initial U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Anticommunist sentiments in the United States were the main factors elucidating on the participation of the U.S. in Vietnam. First, America believed that overt aggression from the communists in Asia posed a significant and direct threat to its interests in the continent. It is clear that Indochina was the main region in Asia challenged by the presence and aggression of the communists. As a result, the decision of 1950 to provide direct help to the region was a crucial policy choice allowing and accepting the responsibility of the United States in preventing the hegemony of communists in the Asia. This direction of the policy was subsequently concentrated on in the following years, first by the Korean War and then by the escalations between Kennedy and Johnson during the 1960s (Gettleman et al., 1995). It was also applied and used to both the expansible powers of the communists. Concerning China, the United States was directly worried about its involvement in regions as Korea because it feared that such an attack would determine the involvement of the Chinese in Indochina. Furthermore, when it came to the Soviet Union, the United States feared the Russians were keen on attaining domination over the world. All these fears are what led to the crucial policy paper NSC 68 that urged for a sufficient military protection or shield to curb the expansion and growth of the Soviet Union and stop the aggressive actions that where directed by the Soviet Union. Consequently, the paper policy was crucial as it represented the practical extension of the Doctrines by Truman (Gettleman, et al., 1995). Other than the importance of foreign political aspects as critical determinants of the involvement of America in Vietnam, the factors like its domestic situation were also crucial. First, the McCarthyism wave had swept through the nation during the 1950s. This trend depended on the argument that the U.S. had suffered numerous failures during the Cold War, not because of limitations of power, but through the significant presence of communist voices in its government, an accusation equal to treason. Because of this, the administration had to take actions to defend itself from allegations of being too weak to fight communism. Furthermore, the Truman administration experienced a lot of pressure to come up with policies that would prove its resolve of anticommunism. Such policies included containment that would favor an unwavering stance in Indochina to stop the expansion of Communism (McCormick, 1989). 3. Describe the rise of Diema to power, his conduct as a leader of South Vietnam, and his demise. The first South Vietnamese president or leader was called Diem. After the wake of defeat and withdrawal of the French from Indochina because of the accords of a Geneva conference in 1954, the leader led a crucial effort to build the Vietnam republic. The leader achieved victory during the 1955 plebiscite that was increasingly deceitful after accumulating considerable support from the United States because of his strong anti- communism ideologies. He was a Roman catholic, and because of this, he pursued policies that were religiously oppressive and biased against the Montgnard natives and its majority components of Buddhists. However, his policies were widely challenged and met with protests. Amid the numerous religious protests and disagreements that caught the attention of the whole world, the leader lost the support of the American patrons (Jacobs, 2006). He was assassinated together with his brother. Their killer was an aide of Duong van Minh a general of the ARVN called Nguyenn Van Nhung. He was killed during a coup in 1963 that deposed his administration. As the crisis with the Buddhists increased in 1963, Vietnamese nationalists who were non-communist and the military started to get ready for a coup. Minh and his supporters overthrew Diem’s government in a quick coup. With only the palace guard staying to protect the leader and his brother, the organizers of the coup called to the palace asking the leader to surrender in exchange for exile. However, Diem and a number of his close allies escaped to Cholon where they were captured. The two brothers were killed in the back of a personal carrier by the captain with orders from their leader, Minh (Jacobs, 2006). 4. Was Ho Chi Minh more of a nationalist that a communist? Explain your response by citing historical evidence that supports your claim. Many people in the U.S. strongly believe that Ho Chi Minh was a staunch communist. The public was flooded with tales of the leader’s visit to China and Russia. There were stories of how the communist support for him was used to take over and establish a stronghold of the communists in the southeastern part of Asia. However, many individuals fail to hear the rest of the information (Chafe, 1986). Under his leadership, Vietnam had some sort of support and an alliance with the U.S. during the Second World War the Japanese, was their common enemy and gave them a common ground where the communists provided support to the dismissal of another outside invader. After the war ended, the leader set up structures in the government in the country assuming that the country would go back to being a sovereign state (Demma, 1989). The leader himself made several overtures to America and other nations for support as he sought independence for his country. Even the declaration of Vietnam of independence showed the nationalist views of Minh. He realized that America was not going to provide him support for independence, so as a pragmatist, he turned to China and Russia for support. As it follows, he walked a thin line between being a communist and nationalist, and played the three countries without letting go of his independence. Many believe that his ability was a crucial indication of his diplomacy. On the other side of this equation, the leader was a thorough and true communist. He breathed and lived ideologies of communists and was ruthless when it came to attaining them. Many think that he was a contradiction of his ideologies. He was known as an ultimate nationalist and an excellent communist leader (Demma, 1989). 5. In what ways was Johnson’s escalation of the American involvement in Vietnam a continuation of Kennedy’s policies? In what ways, if any, were Johnson’s decisions related to Vietnam a departure from Kennedy’s policies? Johnson’s escalation of the involvement of the U.S. in Vietnam was not a continuation of the policies of Kennedy. As Johnson took over the presidency after Kennedy died, at first he did not consider Vietnam a priority and emphasized on the creation of his Great Society and social programs that would result to social progression. However, his priorities soon changed when he declared war against communism in 1963. This declaration came when Vietnam was deteriorating particularly after the coup that led to the death of Diem. Johnson reversed the disengagement policy by Kennedy from the region by withdrawing a thousand troops with his NSAM to accentuate the war. Johnson saw the Vietnam War as a way to appease his personal coalitional corporate base of power and to make use of the patriotism tide to falsify a consensus in the domestic arena to make way for his personal policies (Schandler, 1977). When it came to the military goals, Johnson wanted to stop the spread of communism ideas from China, and that together with the war’s gradual escalation could be won without the approval of the international forces. He depended on the ideology that a slow war escalation could keep people from developing an interest in Vietnam. Furthermore, the gradual escalation would maintain the Chinese and Soviet Union from declaring war against America. He made crucial miscalculations by choosing to escalate the American intervention in Vietnam. He used a lot of funds to fight in a war that he could not win. Kennedy had different policies from Johnson regarding Vietnam in a number of areas. For example, he did not rely on American resources to win the war in Vietnam, unlike Johnson. His policy towards Vietnam depended on the assumption that the forces of Diem would ultimately defeat the Vietnamese guerrillas without the involvement of the U.S. He did not support the deployment of American forces because he knew doing so would lead to widespread negative political and military effects. This is different from Johnson who deployed a significant number of American troops in Vietnam (Schandler, 1977). At you can order a custom essay on Vietnam War topics. All essays are written by highly qualified writers from scratch!

Physiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physiology - Essay Example The reason is that at higher altitudes, there is lesser amount of oxygen for the body and muscles. Therefore, the excess oxygen will help avoid the early production of lactic acid and keep heart rate lower even when the athlete is working harder at sea level. (Smith, 2005) The trick to high altitude training is a process known as acclimatization. This means that athletes must give time to their bodies to get used to the increase in altitude, and decrease in oxygen levels in the atmosphere. For instance, when an athlete reaches, say 5000 feet, he must spend some days there so that the body acclimatizes to the conditions present there before moving on to higher altitudes. After acclimatization to higher altitudes, when the athlete returns back to sea level, his endurance level and performance is better. As the oxygen levels at higher altitudes decrease, there are a number of changes that the body undergoes in the process of acclimatization. Firstly, the depth of respiration increases. The pulmonary arteries go through an increase in pressure, forcing blood into those parts of the lung which are not utilized under normal circumstances. (Curtis, 1999) Along with increasing the production of red blood cells to carry oxygen, the body also steps up the production of a specific enzyme that eases the discharge of oxygen from hemoglobin to the body tissue. (Curtis, 1999) As we know, the air in the atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gases. This is the proportion of gases you inhale during normal breathing. However, 6% of oxygen is breathed out together with carbon dioxide and other waste products. (Science Fair 2003: Does Exercise Affect the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Exhaled, 2003) During exercise, the body needs more energy which is provided to it through the chemical reaction of oxygen and glucose. This, in turn, means that during exercise, the body needs more

'Does Country Matter' - Summary and Critque Essay

'Does Country Matter' - Summary and Critque - Essay Example a) The question is, how much does country difference actually explain the variations in achievements of foreign affiliates To answer this, the elements they defined were as follows: Country effects, Industry effects, Multinational Corporation (MNC) effects, Affiliates effects and the Years observed, analyzing these to see how they all contributed to the average return or business success achieved by the foreign affiliates. They hypothesized that country had an important role to play and had not been explored fully in earlier research. b) Methodology The study is described as unique by the researchers because it uses performance of foreign affiliates as the primary unit of analysis, the country effects variables contained in it, and non-U.S. data, only Japanese MNCs. Data was taken from the Trend Survey of Overseas Business Activities (Trend Survey), annually conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. The companies used were: either subsidiary (MNC has 10% capital invested),sub-subsidiary (MNC has 50% invested) or where a sub-subsidiary has 50% capital invested in the foreign affiliate company. 12,000 total, over 6 years were examined, using 616 c) Results and conclusions suggest that country effects are almost as great as industry effects, implying that the host country has great impact when determining performance, wi

UNO and Human Rights

UNO and Human Rights UNO and Human Rights Contents Introduction Purpose Scope Methodology Strong Points Researches Member Organizations: The Issue of Human Rights Abuses Country Model:-North Korea Results and Analysis Recommendations Conclusion: Reference: Introduction In this concise report, we will write a report in the united nations human rights issue are at the core of most of the debates whereas recognition of the innate dignity and of the equal and undisputable rights of all members of the human race which will result in the foundation of freedom, integrity and peace in this globe (Tomuschat, 2014) Human rights are the rights that all humans enjoy simply by virtue of them being human’s beings. It is Basically Derived from the inherent dignity and value of the human person and is defined locally, nationally and internationally by various agencies and organizations that make laws and rules regarding the issue of human rights. It encompasses the treaties, conventions, covenants and declarations of human right issues and how to protect these issues. Whereas lack of respect and contempt for human value, have resulted in barbaric acts which have shaken the conscience of the human-mankind, and the birth of a world in which human beings does enjoy free expression of speech and Ideology and freedom Threats and fear. The human rights issue has been declared as the highest aspiration of the people around the world. Whereas it is essential, if human being is not to be Forced to have way out, as a last resort, to rebel against despotism and tyranny, that human rights should be Guarded by the rule and regulations laid by member states of the human rights council. Whereas it is fundamental to encourage the development of cordial relations between nation states around the world, in their quest for perfect human rights, the people of the United Nations have in the agreement reaffirmed their strong faith in fundamental human rights, in the undeniable dignity and value of the human person and in the equal rights of human race and have decided to promote social growth and better standards of life in context of larger human right framework(Cook, 2011). Whereas member states have promised themselves to achieve, in co-operation with office of the United Nations, the promotion of universal deference for and celebration of human rights and other fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of speech, expression and religion. Whereas, a common perceptive of these rights and freedoms is of utter importance for the full realization of this full guarantee. From this context, we can say that human rights at the united nations is at the core of the debate and the united nations strives to provide human rights to all mankind regardless of gender, race, sexuality, and religion(Tomuschat, 2014). That is why the General Assembly proclaim in their universal declaration of Human Rights a common framework of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the conclusion that every person and every organ of society, keeps this declaration constantly in their psyche, allowing them to strive by teaching and educating for the promotion of respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, on both national and international levels, to secure their universal and valuable recognition and observance, both among the Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their rightful jurisdiction(Martin Owen , 2010). The office of the United Nations takes the issue of human rights as both worth investing in as well as striving for, that is why so many sub-offices of that promote human rights come under the auspice of the human rights branch of the United Nations (Sikor et al, 2010). Purpose The primary purpose of this recommendation report is to investigate the issue of human rights at the UNITED NATIONS and how the office of the UNITED NATIONS are striving to implement the issue of human rights in all over the world especially in non-Democratic dictatorial states like North Korea, Sudan, and Zimbabwe and the Model that the UN wants to implement as well as well as the human rights condition of some of the countries that we will use as MODEL(Assembly, 2010). Scope To investigate and research about the issue of human rights at the united nations, understand it in larger political context as well as social context, expand our knowledge of the human rights when applying to some model countries and finds tools to investigate the correlation between development and human rights and how they vary from one another (Sikor et al, 2010). And if possible we will look at the human rights situation of some selected countries like and how They comply with united nations rules and regulations regarding the issue of human rights, address sensitive issues like the Human rights Abuse, and the overall human rights situation in the whole world especially in conflict hotspot countries(Sikor et al, 2010). Methodology Most of the information in this recommendation report was gathered from websites and news articles which talk about human rights at the United Nations, as well as my experience of reading some newspapers which talk about human right abuses by some countries like Zimbabwe, China and other dictatorial regimes (Assembly, 2010). We will human rights framework as a method of Identifying human rights abuses, evaluating them and if possible theorize a way to solve these issue. This is a hot spot topic in the United Nations so we have to be careful when dealing with such an issue and treat the issue delicately (Sikor et al, 2010). The following diagram depicts censorship a typical case of human rights violation which can be through private corporations, individuals or government agencies that try to control or limit the expression of speech. Then we will use few countries as a Model to apply our analysis on it, these countries namely North Korea, China, Zimbabwe and Myanmar (Burma) will help us better understand human rights violations and also allow us to understand the various responses of the United Nations office in regard to these human rights abuses. then we will investigate the current human rights violations in these countries and if any kind of improvement in this issue are being made and how these countries are dealing with the pressure that is constantly coming from the united nations office. Combining these conditions, model, and country studies will be our focus on our essay report (Martin Owen , 2010). Strong Points .My experience as an avid reader of newspapers helps me in this essay report. Easy to get extra Information especially human rights advocates Abundant facts and Data about the human rights Issue in the worldwide. The Idea about human rights abuses is old and has been discussed many times in the past by academic scholars (Tomuschat, 2014). Researches Member Organizations: The following Data table shows members of the human rights countries and when their term expires. As we can see from the above time, many countries are members of the human rights council and are liable to adhere to the rules and regulations of the council. The Issue of Human Rights Abuses The issue of human right violations occur mostly when actions taken by state actors or non-state actors try to ignore or deny basic rights including social, political and economic rights to its citizens or enemies of the state in question, moreover, human rights abuses happen when any state or non-state actor breach any part of the human rights council treaty or any other humanitarian law (Tomuschat, 2014). Many frameworks can be used to determine if any state or non-state actor has violated the human rights charter. These human rights violations are monitored by United Nations committee, national institutions and governments responsible for these issues and other NGOs such as Human rights watchman-slavery international, Freedom house and other agencies. They merely gather evidence and documentation of alleged human rights violations and apply pressure on the violating countries (Sikor et al, 2010). Finally, war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocides and wars of aggression constitute the most serious of human right abuses. Country Model:-North Korea A survey report by human rights watch concluded that North Korea has made no apparent improvement in human rights in the republic even after the death of the late dictator in early 2011. When Kim Jong assumed power, the government continues to impose totalitarian rule, restrictions on human free movement, freedom of speech and if these are combined together might form crimes against humanity (Martin Owen , 2010). The regime represses all forms of freedom of expression an opinion and does not permit any organized political disagreement, independent media is frowned upon and freedoms such as freedom of trade, religion and sexuality is a thing of the past. The government employs systematic torture, executions, political prisoner camps and other inhumane treatment (Hill, 2010). The government in North Korea uses fear, generated mainly through threats of detention, forced slavery and public death sentence of dissents to impose harsh restrictions on freedom of information and travel. From the report of the Human Rights Watch, we can conclude that human rights violations are abundant in North Korea and no signs of abating in the near future. The condition of the human rights is getting worse and worse each second in this isolated part of the world. In recent news US-organized event in North Korea human rights briefly turned into chaos at the UN on Thursday as the diplomat of North Korea insisted on reading the agenda statement, amid outcries from dissents, and then stormed out (JÃ ¼rgens et al,, 2010).This shows the level of sensitivity about human rights violations in the psyche of the regime and its members. Results and Analysis Human rights violations are common nowadays in some parts of the world where dictatorial regimes control and reign singlehandedly. North Korea record of cooperation with the united nations human rights council is possible among the worst in the world because the regime ignores all the resolutions on the human rights situation in north Korea unanimously approved by members of the council and the UN general assembly, the regime has never responded to request for visitation from special UN representatives on human rights in North Korea. Human rights issue remains central to the politics of North Korea and the vital point of contention between the United Nations and the North Korea Republic. Recommendations In view of the above mentioned facts, surveys we can see the importance of human rights as a means of advancing the rule of law and development of the countries that adhere to its charter. Context and capacities are intrinsic, fundamental concerns in the human rights framework, so the states and other non-state actors should put their efforts and focus on improving the human rights and allow the local citizens to enjoy the fruits of human rights which also strengthen the economic, social and political systems of these countries. The UNITED NATIONS has a responsibility to support these efforts and ensure that the charter of the United Nations on human rights is adhered on an international level. Countries that need these human rights framework include Asia-Pacific countries like China, Pakistan, Philippines, Myanmar ,Indonesia and also African countries like Ethiopia, Sudan, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Chad ,Tunisia ,Algeria ,Somalia and morocco where human rights violations are abundant since dictatorial regimes came to power in these countries(Assembly, 2010). Conclusion: In conclusion, we can safely say that human rights at the united nations represents one of the most debated topics in the council and many countries in this globe are violating these basic human rights like freedom of speech, freedom of 7movement, freedom of religion and freedom of sexual orientation and many more other basic rights which is written in the charter of the United Nations.in View of these recent events about the human rights issue, it is the duty of the Human rights council to apply a working framework for the implementation of the Human rights around the world especially in countries where dictatorship and totalitarianism rule, the need of the people of the world to have access is growing each other and these people demand respect ,rights from there government on critical issues like human rights, freedom of speech ,freedom of movement and free access to education. The regime in North Korea which we took as an example/Model country show that North Korea disregards the charter of the United nations on Human rights and forces its citizens to live under the rule of brutal dictator ship, such examples abound in this world, in Zimbabwe, the government adopted a systemic policy of uprooting the native white people of Zimbabwe, confiscating their farms/properties and arming a killing Squad to force the white natives to abandon their homeland. This is a racist agenda of president of Zimbabwe and world countries like USA, FRANCE, RUSSIA and United Kingdom are helpless to help these innocent people of the white origin in the black continent.in Russia, the government curbs on the freedom of speech and only information is accessed through government propaganda and many famous anti-Putin (President of Russia) are assassinated on regular basis. In a summary, we can see that the issue of human rights needs to be addressed delicately in manner that helps the local people gain access to basic human rights, eradicates the menace of totalitarianism and dictatorship and bring freedom to all people striving for it. Reference: Assembly, U. G. (2010). Human Rights Council.Fourteenth Session. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Mr. Frank La Rue. Retrieved from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/press/hrc/kit/garesolution.pdf Tomuschat, C. (2014).Human rights: between idealism and realism. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/2959/Tocs%20tomuschat.pdf Cook, R. J. (Ed.). (2011).Human rights of women: National and international perspectives. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved from http://anthonydamato.law.northwestern.edu/Adobefiles/Br1-95women.pdf JÃ ¼rgens, R., Csete, J., Amon, J. J., Baral, S., Beyrer, C. (2010). People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights.The Lancet,376(9739), 475-485. Retrieved from http://www.harm-reduction.org/sites/default/files/pdf/PIIS0140673610608306.pdf Sikor, T., Stahl, J., Enters, T., Ribot, J. C., Singh, N., Sunderlin, W. D., Wollenberg, L. (2010). REDD-plus, forest peoples rights and nested climate governance.Global Environmental Change,20(3), 423-425. Retrieved from http://www.somcon.com/sites/default/files/userfiles/1file/REDD-plus_editorial.pdf Hill, D. W. (2010). Estimating the effects of human rights treaties on state behavior.The journal of politics,72(04), 1161-1174. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Hill8/publication/231965898_Estimating_the_Effects_of_Human_Rights_Treaties_on_State_Behavior/links/53fdd5ea0cf22f21c2f85115.pdf Martin, M., Owen, T. (2010). The second generation of human security: lessons from the UN and EU experience.International Affairs,86(1), 211-224. Retrieved from http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/shared/executive_education/INP%202011/Syllabi%20_%26_Course_Materials/Jutersonke_Martin_Owen.pdf

Financial position Essay

1. One of the apparent reasons for the failure to pay off the debts by the due debt is the continuous decline of the sales over the period of time due to overall sick performance of the industry. However, on the other hand, it is also imperative to understand that the firm has not been able to accurately forecast its cash flows as accurately as possible because there were not only frequent requests for revision of the funds required but also company was undertaking modernization in times where sales were declining. Supporting the long term as well as short term repayment of bank loans largely depend upon the ability of a company to generate sales and cash flows and in this case it has completely failed to achieve its targeted sales figures which basically force the firm to default on its payments on the due date. Apart from some seasonal and industry wide factors, company has also not been able to accurately forecast its financing needs. Though the sales declined but the forecasts based on which the debt was obtained did not included any externalities which could have basically hampered the ability of the firm to repay its debts on time. It is also important to understand that one of the main reasons behind the failure to pay off the debts on time is the inability of the management of the firm to ill plan at the wrong time as due to the seasonal nature of the business, they were expecting consistent and historical results however it did not turned up to be right. 2. Mr. Fischer was probably not been able to forecast the correct repayment of the loans as he based his forecasts on the historical trends and the company’s seasonal needs for the external financing. It was because of this reason that he forecasted zero banks loan payable during the period from Dec 1995 to May 1996. This assumption was correct if we observe it from the historical perspectives however as it lacked the inclusion of risk based assessment of what may go wrong i. e. as in this case, the company’s sales were consistently forecasted however they declined against the expectations. Such decline in sales therefore has put pressures on the cash flow position of the firm which basically forced the firm to not been able to pay its debts on time. It is also important to note that overhead forecasted at constant rates however they have shown greater volatility in actual that basically decreased the profitability of the firm as well as straining the cash flows of the firm as more funds were being diverted in paying off higher overhead and other expenses. Further, the assumption of producing at an even rate was also flawed specially considering the fact that the business has the seasonal demand patterns therefore assuming such production patterns may be gross mismanagement of the firm’s resources. 3. Overall, the firm’s financial position has not worsened as it is because some external factors which seem to be of short term nature and company can easily overcome once the seasonal impacts on the business decline. Further, firm’s working capital management seems to have worsened which may be the actual cause of concern as there is not only an increase in inventory but in receivables also.

Essay on The Origins of Apartheid in South Africa - 747 Words

INTRODUCTION: The term apartheid (from the Afrikaans word for quot;apartnessquot;) was coined in the 1930s and used as a political slogan of the National Party in the early 1940s, but the policy itself extends back to the beginning of white settlement in South Africa in 1652. After the primarily Afrikaner Nationalists came to power in 1948, the social custom of apartheid was systematized under law. The apartheid was a social and political segregation of the white rulers from the black locals of South Africa. ANALYSIS: Dutch farmers, known as the Boers, settled African lands, taking them from the San and the Khoi Khoi. Eventually, a rising Great Britain noted the rich resources and strategic location of the country. Britain†¦show more content†¦The implementation of the policy, later referred to as quot;separate development,quot; was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black African), white, or Coloured (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later (2). This was the inception of the historical too of discrimination unleashed on the poor community of the blacks by the ruling whites called the Apartheid. The clear reason of this apartheid was to have as less interference of the blacks in the governmental process as possible. Simple hatred could also be termed as a plausible reason. The social structure at that time for the blacks was deplorable, they were assigned to low wage jobs only, had no access to education, they were given separate homelands, territories where they stayed put and had to carry passports with their finger prints and photographs if coming into ‘non-black areas’.From 1976 to 1981, four of these homelands were created, denationalizing nine million South Africans However there were apartheid rebels who demonstrated against the inhuman subjugation of the blacks. Politically they were imprisoned, killed or banished. Nelson Mandela was one such freedom fighter. â€Å"South Africa’s party system is one-party dominant; the African National Congress holds nearly a 2/3 majority. The political culture isShow MoreRelatedApartheid : A System Of Racial Segregation1176 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is apartheid – It comes from the Dutch language, with the heid part meaning hood, for apart-hood. The word is pronounced apart-hate. Apartheid - Dictionary Definition. Vocabulary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2016 Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and a racist political policy in South Africa demanding division of the country’s white and non-white populations for nearly 50 years. In 1652, a group of people from the Netherlands settled in South Africa. The Netherlands are alsoRead MoreThe Issue Of South Africa1714 Words   |  7 Pagescontemporary issues in South Africa can easily be associated with the apartheid laws which devastated the country. The people of South Africa struggle day by day to reverse â€Å"the most cruel, yet well-crafted,† horrific tactic â€Å"of social engineering.† The concept behind apartheid emerged in 1948 when the nationalist party took over government, and the all-white government enforced â€Å"racial segregation under a system of legislation† . 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Contemporary South Africa is now economically strong and it is completely a racial free state. The contemporary South Africa is now in race with every state in every field. Before 1994 South Africa was completely u nder control of Apartheid. WHO IS APARTHEIDRead MoreThe Courageous And Reconciliatory Nelson Mandela1513 Words   |  7 PagesWhile White South Africans were receiving the highest living standards similar to the living conditions of western first world countries, the majority of black people didn’t receive any type of living standards and rights such as income, education and were even discriminated. It was during these conditions that Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela seized the leadership of anti-apartheid movement. The courageous and reconciliatory Nelson Mandela, was an salient figure in shaping South Africa as he engenderedRead MoreThe Roots of Apartheid: South Africa’s Colonial Experience Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, there have been efforts to understand the institution of apartheid in South Africa. From the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, to general study into the history of South Africa, much scholarship has been devoted to the study of the effects of apartheid and the atrocities committed in the post-World War II period. However, one topic remains largely un-researched—the origins of the vast apartheid structure instituted by the Herenigde (Reunited) National Party (HNP) in the late 1940’sRead More The African National Congress and the Fight Against South African Apartheid1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe word â€Å"apartheid† means â€Å"separateness† in Afrikaans Language. 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I believe that enforcing Apartheid is unjust and immoral. Reading this paper you will learn: What is apartheid? Who were involved? And how did apartheid end in South Africa? What is apartheid? The system of apartheid--apartness between races--began in 1948 and in the time span of one generation, it wove itself

Alienation Of The Individual From Society - 955 Words

Alienation is a word that reflects feelings of isolation and loneliness. The feelings of alienation can be very depressing as the individual feels he/she is unwanted and does not belong to the place or society where they are currently living in. It is seen as if a person cannot provide for another or does not appear as the rest, they do not have any value. The two main characters such as Gregor within â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka and Tessie within â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson both demonstrate the issue of alienation of the individual from society. It is expressed within both readings that as individuals we are often aliened by others although influence of the individual in relation to the communities around them many individuals cannot exist within society as a free-thinking, autonomous person. Within â€Å"The Lottery†, the author Shirley Jackson emphasizes on the idea of the â€Å"lottery† where a list of names from eac h member of the household in each family were put into a black box and one name would be selected at random. The following name selected would be stoned to death by the villagers including their family. This was a tradition followed by the villagers at end of the warm season to show a sacrifice to ensure wealth, crops, and prosperity within the future. Some communities feel alienated because of the repression or the policies of the governments in place. Traditions are usually passed down from previous generations due to the people beingShow MoreRelatedAdolf Marx : A Central Concern For The Young Karl Marx Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Alienation‟ was a central concern for the young Karl Marx. Discuss the dimensions of this alienation in connection to Marx’s critique of capitalist society and comment on the contemporary relevance of this concept. Karl Marx is a critically renowned, prolific and revolutionary figure amongst historic academia and is considered to be one of the three founding fathers of Sociology. Working throughout the 19th century Marx’s work included the theory of ‘alienation’. Born in Germany, young Marx wasRead MoreThe Theories Of Alienation ( Marx ) And Rationalisation ( Weber )1562 Words   |  7 Pagesconcepts of alienation (Marx) and rationalisation (Weber) have influenced twentieth-century social theorising. The theory of alienation by Marx and the concept of rationalisation by Weber have both influenced twentieth century social theorising. Both of the theories are key factors in explaining the reasons behind capitalism and how it leads to the dehumanisation of the individual. This essay will seek to analyse the ways in which individuals become detached from the self and feel alienated from othersRead MoreUnderstanding Marx s Alienation Theory1217 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstand Marx’s alienation theory, one must understand that this concept is broken down into several smaller parts that then create one outcome. Within a capitalistic community, two different societies are created in a state; these two societies are property owners and laborers. Capitalistic systems will eventually being to create alienated labor when it separates a worker from their owner’s personal reality. This might not be intentional, but it will happen regardless. Unfortunately alienation within aRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Alienation Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx’s theory of alienation states the consequences of living within a capitalist society that is made up of stratified social classes. The working class is alienated because they are deprived of the right to think or direct their own actions without the oppression of the economic entity controlled by the Bourgeoisie. Emile Durkheim’s theory of anomie was developed during a great capitalist growth, the industrialization revolution. The mass population could not keep up with the constant changeRead MoreMax Weber s Views On Alienation Essay1085 Words   |  5 PagesWeber’s views on alienation and explained how Weber considered alienation to be a consequence of the intense rationalization process that has greatly affected Western culture (p. 239). According to the Glossary of Social Sciences, Alienation refers to a phenomenon in which individuals feel as if they have no power or control over the social institutions that they themselves have helped create (Elwell, 2013). Alienation occurs when individuals experience disaffection, or estrangement, from themselvesRead MoreMarx And Engels s Impact On Society1349 Words   |  6 Pagesoccurred where productive forces threatened their conditions and bourgeoisie would have to bring in new productive forces and destroy the old. Marx believed that these changes to technology and productive capacity were the main influence on how society and the economy were organized. The bourgeoisie had to push for the modern world to quickly and continually develop to protect capitalists’ monopolies. However, constant development caused continual disturbances of social conditions by breakingRead MoreThe Enlightenment : The Age Of Reason1126 Words   |  5 PagesReason, was an important period in the history of Western Civilization during the 17th and 18th centuries - a time of social turmoil where societies were divided betwe en social groups and struggled for freedom, equality and democracy (Seidman, 2008: 6). This time gave rise to remarkable social thinkers, known as Enlighteners, who pioneered a new science of society (Seidman, 2008: 5). These highly educated Enlighteners believed the world could be rationally understood and organized by applying a scientificRead MoreLinks Between Class And Alienation1540 Words   |  7 Pageslinks between class and alienation according to Marx? In order to explore the links between class and alienation according to Marx, it is first useful to define class and alienation. Class, as in social class, is a term used that relates to a system of grouping people determined by their social and economic status (Oxford Dictionaries, 2017). Whereas alienation means to be separated or feeling no connection to something (Cambridge Dictionary, 2017). In Marx’s theory of alienation, the focus is primarilyRead MoreAlienation in the Urban Environment1161 Words   |  5 Pageshave studied so far explore a sense of alienation for individuals in an urban landscape. In T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"Preludes†, William Blake’s â€Å"London† and Ray Bradbury’s â€Å"The Pedestrian†, individuals are alienated in an urban environment. Alienation and isolation is evident through the contrast to monotony and the lone individuals standing out in the environment. Their existence is described and associated with a monotonous and bleak existence. Through language, alienation is emphasised by all three texts asRead MoreThe Effects of Alienation in 1984773 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Alienation in 1984 Alienation is a main theme in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Alienation refers to the estrangement of an individual from another party. Alienation exists in many forms in the Orwellian society, and each form of alienation causes different effects on topics such as humanity and progress. Each person in the Orwellian society has the ability to escape alienation and work together to overthrow the government; however, Ingsoc uses alienation to bring everyone